Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks are considered documents of great historical significance from both artistic and intellectual perspectives. They constitute a vivid and enduring portrait of the Renaissance painter. The sketches, notes, and observations recorded in these manuscripts reveal Da Vinci's remarkable versatility and his insatiable curiosity. Observation and inquiry were fundamental elements of his life and work. Consequently, the subjects he studied were meticulously documented in his notebooks, with close attention to form, movement, and function. Da Vinci was almost obsessively driven to understand the natural world, despite having received little formal schooling. The fields of knowledge explored by him range from anatomy and botany to art, engineering, and geology – all examined through direct observation and a highly analytical approach. This article addresses Da Vinci's contributions to anatomy, painting, and the study of nature. A brief overview of the Italian Renaissance is also presented in order to contextualize the artistic movement prevailing at the time. In addition to Leonardo da Vinci, the works of Michelangelo and Raphael Sanzio are also mentioned discussed. The general objective of this article is to present the curiosities and methodological approaches identified in Da Vinci's notebooks. The specific objectives are to map the main themes addressed in his manuscripts, investigate the methodologies employed by Leonardo Da Vinci, and analyse the interaction among art, science, creativity, and innovation. The methodology consists of an analysis of the artist's manuscripts combined with a bibliographic review of books and academic articles that contextualize Da Vinci's intellectual production.

Valuing listed companies through discounted cash flow produces a point estimate that does not convey the uncertainty of the assumptions behind it. This limitation becomes more severe when environmental and social variables are to be incorporated, since the markets and financial converters for such variables are still taking shape. This article applies the discounted cash flow method to Suzano S.A., a Brazilian pulp and paper company listed on B3 and on the NYSE, and incorporates Monte Carlo simulation into it, replicating the methodological sequence adopted in an earlier study applied to Brazilian retail. Three variables met the criterion and entered the model through distinct channels: exported renewable electricity, through net revenue; industrial waste sent to landfill, through the cost of goods sold; and hectares connected for conservation, through the cost of debt, since this is the contractual indicator of sustainability-linked borrowings. Two financial variables were included as a scale reference. The deterministic model produced a value per share below the market quotation at the base date, and the simulated distribution with five thousand iterations displayed high dispersion. The variance decomposition showed that the three environmental and social variables account for a marginal share of the uncertainty in value, whereas the ratio between the cost of goods sold and revenue concentrates almost all of the variance. The result suggests that, for a commodity producer, the financial materiality of individual environmental variables remains small relative to operating volatility, and that the most relevant channel in the Brazilian context is sustainability-linked financing.

Green innovation is widely proposed as a route for firms to reduce carbon emissions, but research on innovation and firm performance has concentrated mainly on financial outcomes, and carbon performance is measured in different ways. This scoping review maps how carbon performance is operationalized in firm-level studies of innovation and how measurement choices relate to the reported findings. Carbon performance is treated as a family of constructs that varies along three axes: the carbon construct (absolute emissions, intensity, change over time, disclosure or rating, target or commitment), the emissions scope or boundary (Scope 1, 1+2 or 1+2+3; reported or estimated), and the innovation proxy (patents, R&D, ESG-vendor scores, textbased indicators). Following PRISMA-ScR, a general-purpose web search engine was searched on September 30, 2026, because there was no institutional access to Scopus or Web of Science. Twenty-seven queries were run, roughly 40 candidate records were examined in detail, and 19 empirical firm-level studies published between 2015 and 2026 were included. Absolute emissions were used by 8 of the 19 studies (42%) and emissions intensity by 10 (53%), four studies using both; disclosure- or rating-based scores by 3 (16%); change or reduction over time by 1 (5%); and targets or commitments by 1 (5%). Seventeen studies tested innovation as the predictor and two tested the reverse direction. Among the 14 forward-direction studies with an emissions-based outcome, 10 reported that innovation reduced emissions or improved carbon performance, 2 reported mixed or non-linear results, 1 reported a null result and 1 could not be classified; excluding the two working papers, the figures were 9 of 12, 2, 0 and 1. Among the 3 forward-direction studies using disclosure-, rating- or commitment-based outcomes, no study reported a null or adverse association, and two of the three were partial. Three studies varied one axis within a single sample (the carbon construct, the innovation proxy and the emissions scope, respectively), and in each the sign or significance of at least one estimated relationship changed. Carbon-performance findings in this literature are therefore not directly comparable across studies, and managers and reporting standard-setters should treat "improved carbon performance" as not interpretable unless the metric is stated.

Interior design is often associated mainly with aesthetics, but interior spaces are also part of people's everyday experiences and can influence how they feel, move, interact, and perform different activities. This article investigates the relationship between interior design and human behavior, focusing on spatial organization, visual and sensory elements, environmental comfort, privacy, and social interaction. The study is based on a qualitative literature review of selected publications related to interior design, architecture, environmental psychology, residential spaces, learning environments, and human behavior. Residential, educational, workplace, commercial, and social environments are considered to understand how different characteristics of interior spaces may contribute to users' experiences and responses. The literature indicates that spatial organization can affect circulation, interaction, privacy, and the way daily activities are performed. Elements such as colors, lighting, acoustics, temperature, furniture, and materials can also contribute to the way an environment is perceived and experienced. In homes, interior organization is related to comfort, individual needs, and social life, while studies of educational spaces show the importance of environmental conditions for concentration, communication, comfort, and performance. The findings suggest that interior design should not be understood as something that directly determines human behavior. Instead, it is one of the factors that can influence how people experience and use spaces in their everyday lives. Understanding this relationship can help designers create interior environments that respond more carefully to the physical, psychological, and social needs of their users.

The purpose of the present article is to analyze how the Hercules Method, proposed by Ronald Dworkin in his book Law’s Empire, could be applied in cases involving damages caused by artificial intelligence systems under Brazilian law. The proposed analysis includes a theoretical and a practical approach. First, it focuses on the theory regarding Hercules Method and how it is described by Dworkin. The practical approach follows with the analysis of two real Brazilian cases from the perspective of the Hercules Method. In the selected cases, the Supreme Court filled a gap in the legal system in relation to the use of AI chatbots. Even though Brazil has a specific law regulating the use of the Internet and the management of websites, platforms, and applications in it, there is no law addressing directly artificial intelligence systems. Thus, in jointly judging two cases involving online platforms under the Brazilian Civil Framework of the Internet, the Supreme Court interpreted it considering the Brazilian Federal Constitution and extended its application to AI chatbots sharing illicit content. It then enabled an analysis of how the Hercules method could be seen in this judgement process. The conclusion highlights the responsibility of judges, especially in challenging times of unprecedented technologies.

This study compares public forest governance and management in Brazil and the Czech Republic, considering differences in forest characteristics, ownership structures, institutional arrangements, protected-area categories, and forest management practices. The objective was to identify similarities and differences in how public forests are governed and managed, with emphasis on the relationship between timber production, conservation, and the institutional frameworks established in each country. A comparative analysis was conducted based on scientific literature, official documents, forest statistics, and legislation from Brazil and the Czech Republic. In Brazil, public forest governance is characterized by a diversified territorial and institutional structure, with different categories of protected areas establishing distinct levels of restriction on the use of forest resources. Among these, National Forests allow the sustainable use of forest resources and constitute an important mechanism for public forest management, while forest concessions provide an additional instrument for regulated timber production without transferring public ownership. In the Czech Republic, public forest management is more strongly concentrated within state-owned forest administration, particularly through Lesy České republiky, while productive, protective, and conservation functions frequently overlap spatially. The comparison also identified differences in management practices associated with the ecological and historical contexts of the two countries. Brazilian public native forests, particularly in the Amazon, are mainly managed through selective harvesting systems and relatively long cutting cycles. In contrast, Czech forests have historically been managed as productive stands and increasingly incorporate natural regeneration, mixed-species stands, and management approaches oriented toward natural processes. The results demonstrate that public forest governance and management are context-dependent processes shaped by ecological conditions, ownership structures, institutional responsibilities, protection status, and management objectives. Although both countries seek to reconcile timber production with forest conservation, they employ different governance and management arrangements adapted to their respective environmental and institutional contexts.

Psychological stress is frequently cited as a risk factor for phishing susceptibility in organisations, but empirical findings on this relationship are inconsistent, and studies differ in how they measure both stress and susceptibility. This study asked how these two constructs are operationalised in empirical research with working adults and whether the distribution of reported findings varies with measurement choices. To address this question, a scoping review protocol was developed following the JBI methodology and the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The protocol defined eligibility through the Population, Concept and Context framework, specified a search of Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore and the ACM Digital Library for primary studies published from 2016 onward, and established independent screening and data charting by two reviewers. A charting framework was designed to record the study setting, phishing stimulus, stress construct and instrument, timing of the stress measure relative to the phishing decision, and susceptibility outcome. The search string deliberately combined self-report and physiological terms so that neither type of measure would be favoured. Preliminary searches identified four exemplar studies that varied in stress construct, instrument, timing, setting and outcome: two field studies used self-reported stress collected after exposure to a phishing email, whereas two laboratory studies recorded physiological indicators during the task, and outcomes ranged from clicking and reporting to classification errors. Significant associations appeared with both self-report and physiological measures, and one laboratory study found higher arousal under high workload without a main effect on clicking. These exemplars suggested that measurement type may be confounded with study setting and that stress measured after the outcome cannot establish the direction of the relationship. The protocol therefore provides a pre-specified framework that treats measurement as the object of analysis, which is expected to clarify whether the inconsistency of this literature reflects measurement heterogeneity and to support more comparable behavioural security metrics.

Roberto Burle Marx was a pivotal figure in modern landscape architecture, internationally celebrated for breaking away from European horticultural traditions and integrating native Brazilian flora into bold, large-scale urban designs. While his formal aesthetic innovations (such as painterly ground massings and geometric parterres) are widely recognized within architectural history, his profound legacy in botanical conservation and ex-situ species preservation, particularly regarding the species-rich Araceae family, remains underdeveloped within architectural discourse. This paper investigates Burle Marx’s systematic conservation efforts, analyzing how his practice bridged fine art, environmental science, and public advocacy. The research explores three main axes: first, his interdisciplinary botanical expeditions across diverse Brazilian biomes to document and collect wild specimens; second, the establishment of the Sítio Santo Antônio da Bica as a living botanical laboratory dedicated to the acclimatization, propagation, and taxonomical study of tropical plants; and third, his strategic deployment of aroids in public projects to foster ecological literacy and promote biodiversity preservation within the modernist movement. Furthermore, the paper addresses the post-mortem challenges facing the conservation of his living collection, emphasizing the need for sustained institutional stewardship. Ultimately, Burle Marx’s work demonstrates that landscape architecture can serve as an active mechanism for environmental conservation and native flora preservation in developing urban landscapes.

Abstract. Onboard fishery monitoring is an important tool for assessing catch composition and documenting the occurrence of species subject to conservation measures, particularly those affected by fishing pressure and trade restrictions. Sharks are especially vulnerable to overexploitation, and several species are currently threatened with extinction. The tope shark, Galeorhinus galeus, is a circumglobal coastal species classified as Critically Endangered in Brazil, yet its occurrence in local fisheries remains poorly documented. This study investigated the occurrence and biological characteristics of G. galeus based on onboard monitoring data from artisanal gillnet fisheries in southern Brazil between 2021 and 2025. A total of 168 fishing trips were monitored, during which 921 sharks were recorded in 145 trips (86.3%). Galeorhinus galeus was captured in eight trips (4.8%), comprising 14 individuals. All records occurred during winter and early spring, at depths between 48 and 52 m. Six males and eight females were recorded, all within a total length range of 48.5–65.3 cm, indicating that the captures consisted exclusively of juvenile individuals. The concentration of records during colder months may be associated with seasonal oceanographic conditions, including reduced water temperature and increased nutrient availability influenced by the Malvinas Current. The occurrence of exclusively juvenile individuals suggests that the study area may serve as a recruitment habitat for G. galeus. Although the species represented a small proportion of the monitored catch, its documented occurrence emphasizes the value of onboard monitoring for detecting and characterizing rare or conservation-sensitive species. These findings also highlight the potential importance of coastal habitats in southern Brazil for the early life stages of G. galeus and reinforce the need for continued monitoring to improve understanding of its distribution, seasonal occurrence, and conservation status in the region.

This work compares NRZ-OOK, RZ-OOK, Manchester-OOK, 4-PPM, 8-PPM, 4-PAM, 8-PAM, and 8-SC-PAM with K=1 and K=12 under common information-rate and optical-power constraints. The objective is to examine how finite electrical receiver bandwidth and residual sampling-time error change their relative BER performance without introducing propagation-dependent temporal distortion. A normalized intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) model is therefore used to isolate these receiver effects. The comparison is performed sequentially: receiver bandwidth is swept at a fixed sampled SNR, the SNR of each format is calibrated to a common ideal-timing BER, and residual sampling-time error is then increased until the adopted BER limit is reached. At a sampled SNR of 37 dB, the minimum common normalized bandwidth satisfying BER ≤ 10⁻⁴ was approximately 0.176. At this bandwidth, 4-PPM required the lowest sampled SNR, 19.31 dB, whereas 8-PAM required the highest, 38.80 dB, to reach BER = 10⁻⁵. The residual timing comparison showed the largest tolerance for 8-SC-PAM with K=12, with σt/Tb approximately 0.0779 at BER = 10-4, compared with 0.0542 for K=1 and 0.0563 for 8-PAM. Under the adopted conditions, the results expose distinct trade-offs among bandwidth limitation, SNR requirement, and timing tolerance, providing a controlled basis for preliminary signaling-format selection in bandwidth and timing-limited IM/DD receivers.

This article examines the theoretical transition in documentary filmmaking from objective sociological frameworks to subjective, essayistic, and autobiographical methodologies. The traditional documentary paradigm prioritized an expository approach where the filmmaker assumed an omniscient position to interpret social reality. This model frequently generated a separation between the observer and the observed, masking the mediational nature of the cinematic apparatus. Recent decades indicate a methodological shift toward reflexivity and self-representation. Filmmakers increasingly incorporate autobiographical elements and predetermined structural rules to acknowledge their presence within the documentary space. This subjective turn allows the documentary to function as a mnemonic trace, actively engaging with individual trauma and collective memory. By examining concepts such as indexicality, the autobiographical pact, and the essay film, the research demonstrates that the subjective turn establishes a transparent ethical framework. Contemporary documentary practices, by dismantling the illusion of absolute objectivity, offer a rigorous and self-aware representation of human experience.

The implementation of inclusive language education in Brazil faces a gap between macro-structural policies and micro-level classroom practices for Deaf learners. Although the new National Education Plan (PNE 2026–2036, Law No. 15,388/2026) recognizes Bilingual Deaf Education and promotes foreign language instruction for global participation, official curriculum frameworks remain largely silent on how to teach English as a Third Language (L3) to Deaf students. This qualitative bibliographic study analyzes the policy landscape alongside a purposive corpus of scholarship published between 2020 and 2026, complemented by García and Lin's foundational work on translanguaging. Grounded in plurilingualism, translanguaging, and visual pedagogy, it examines the trilingual dynamic of Brazilian Deaf students: Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) as L1, written Portuguese as L2, and written English as L3. The analysis indicates that oral-auditory methodologies rely on sound-grapheme correspondences that are not directly accessible to Deaf learners, and that structural bottlenecks, namely orality-centered curricula and limited Sign Language Applied Linguistics in English teacher education, which can perpetuate instructional improvisation. The study argues that inclusion depends less on complete curricular reform than on actionable methodological adaptations: Instrumental English focused on reading comprehension, visual matching, assistive digital media, Libras as a cognitive bridge and equitable visual assessment. By bridging policy directives and visual practices, educators may foster meaningful linguistic access, academic autonomy, and global civic participation.

The use of excited dimers in lamps has been studied since the 1980s, and there have been many advances in the application of this technology. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the use of excimer lamps for curing and surface treatment of various substrates. With the use of noble gases such as xenon, which emits radiation in the 172 nm range, for example, coatings with specific formulations are capable of imparting a superior finish to the material, one that stands out for its high resistance and aesthetic quality. However, the operating principles of this equipment and the physical and chemical phenomena involved are still poorly understood. In light of this, this article presents a review of the main concepts related to UV curing using excimers, as well as the advances and applications of this technology in high-performance finishes. Based on this review, it was concluded that excimer curing offers significant potential for producing coatings with distinctive surface properties. Furthermore, the study contributes to a broader understanding of the principles and applications of this method, making knowledge about the process more accessible.

The connection between human beings and nature in built nvironments has sparked growing interest, particularly regarding the contributions that biophilic design can make to the quality of spaces and user experience. In learning environments, the integration of natural elements has been investigated for its potential to assist with cognitive performance, such as attention and memory. However, the available evidence so far still presents discrepancies regarding the actual effects of these strategies on cognitive function, which requires a critical analysis of existing studies. Thus, this article aims to investigate the relationship between biophilic design applied in learning environments and cognitive performance, with the intention of identifying intervention strategies, application possibilities, and benefits associated with such methods. To achieve this objective, a critical literature review was conducted, based on the analysis of articles published from 2020 to 2026, available on scientific platforms such as ScienceDirect and MDPI. Studies addressing methods of integrating biophilic design in indoor environments, experimental investigations, and literature reviews were considered, focusing on biophilic strategies and their effects on cognitive processes. The results of the analysis highlighted the existence of favorable outcomes for certain strategies, as well as various discrepancies among the studies. Research is scarce and lacks standardization regarding its methods, which complicates the comparative analysis of the studies. Thus, the need to deepen investigations becomes evident to better understand the relationship between biophilic design and cognitive performance.

Classical network science represents complex systems as dyadic graphs, yet many real-world interactions—among neurons, social agents, or reacting chemical species—occur within groups rather than pairs. This systematic literature review examines how higher-order topologies, namely simplicial complexes and hypergraphs, reshape phase transitions in non-linear dynamical processes. Following a PRISMA protocol applied to records retrieved from Elsevier Scopus, twelve core papers were selected that provide explicit, quotable evidence that topological features—hyperedge cardinality, hyperdegree heterogeneity, interaction order, and hyperedge overlap— can convert continuous transitions into discontinuous, explosive, or hysteretic transitions across contagion, synchronization, percolation, and opinion-dynamics models. The review maps these twelve studies against three research questions concerning dynamic models, transition mechanisms, and order parameters. Results show that contagion and synchronization models each account for one-third of the core corpus, percolation for one-quarter, and opinion dynamics for the remainder, and that five recurring topological mechanisms —hyperdegree/cardinality heterogeneity, hyperedge-overlap organization, representation choice (hypergraph versus simplicial complex), interaction dimensionality, and structural regularity—govern whether a transition remains continuous or becomes discontinuous, explosive, bistable, or hysteretic. The review concludes that higher-order topology functions as a first-order determinant, rather than a secondary modifier, of critical phenomena in complex systems.